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learning objectives

  • 1 цели учения и обучения

    Цели учения и обучения в сущности синонимичны. Термин "цель учения" выделяет тот факт, что учение является центральной проблемой и целью обучения. В настоящем справочнике используется термин "цель обучения", так как он получил более широкое распространение. — Learning objectives and training objectives are essentially synonymous. The term 'learning objective' emphasizes that learning is the central issue and purpose of training, but since the term 'training objective' is more common, it will be used in this manual.

    Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > цели учения и обучения

  • 2 objetivo de aprendizaje

    (n.) = learning objective, learning outcome
    Ex. The learning objectives and teaching methods exhibited considerable variety, however.
    Ex. Active learning techniques hold great promise for getting students involved and increasing their learning outcomes.
    * * *
    (n.) = learning objective, learning outcome

    Ex: The learning objectives and teaching methods exhibited considerable variety, however.

    Ex: Active learning techniques hold great promise for getting students involved and increasing their learning outcomes.

    Spanish-English dictionary > objetivo de aprendizaje

  • 3 método de enseñanza

    Ex. The learning objectives and teaching methods exhibited considerable variety, however.
    * * *

    Ex: The learning objectives and teaching methods exhibited considerable variety, however.

    Spanish-English dictionary > método de enseñanza

  • 4 método docente

    Ex. The learning objectives and teaching methods exhibited considerable variety, however.
    * * *

    Ex: The learning objectives and teaching methods exhibited considerable variety, however.

    Spanish-English dictionary > método docente

  • 5 план учебных занятий

    Эти планы обычно готовятся преподавателем для отдельных учебных занятий. Они включают название занятия, цели обучения, время/продолжительность занятия, ресурсы (оборудование, учебные материалы) и методы обучения. — These plans are usually developed by the trainer for individual sessions. They include the title of the session, the learning objectives, time/duration of the session, resources (equipment, training materials) and training methods.

    Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > план учебных занятий

  • 6 objetivo

    adj.
    objective, factual, no-nonsense, impartial.
    m.
    1 objective, intention, purpose, goal.
    2 objective lens.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: objetivar.
    * * *
    1 objective
    1 (fin) aim, objective
    2 MILITAR target
    3 (lente) lens
    ————————
    1 (fin) aim, objective
    2 MILITAR target
    3 (lente) lens
    * * *
    1. noun m.
    1) objective, aim, goal
    2) lens
    2. (f. - objetiva)
    adj.
    * * *
    1.
    2. SM
    1) (=propósito) objective, aim
    2) (Mil) objective, target
    3) (Fot) lens
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo objective
    II
    1) ( finalidad) objective, aim; (Mil) objective
    2) (Fot, Ópt) lens
    * * *
    = end, focus, goal, goal, intent, object, purpose, target, drift, unbiased [unbiassed], objective, charge, benchmark, workpackage, brief, detached, agenda, mandate, unemotional.
    Ex. In our fascination with the versatility of certain tools, we should not forget the ends to which they are to be applied.
    Ex. Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex. Karen set the theme in her keynote address that booksellers, publishers and librarians often have different goals and perceptions.
    Ex. Karen set the theme in her keynote address that booksellers, publishers and librarians often have different goals and perceptions.
    Ex. The quality of indexing is influenced by the intellectual level and intent of document content in the subject area.
    Ex. The object of classification is to group related subjects.
    Ex. Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex. Paid employees can have targets set for them and their prospects may well depend upon their meeting these targets.
    Ex. The main drift of the proceedings concerned national libraries -- their role, functions and financing.
    Ex. Such criteria would be applied to book lists and the production, selection, and writing of unbiased material.
    Ex. An objective is an individual act intended to be carried out, and a number o which are required to be carried out in order to reach a goal.
    Ex. She was offered an opportunity to chair a task force within the library with the charge to investigate a new integrated system.
    Ex. Existing wireline networks, with their ubiquity, seamless operations, and ease of use, have provided clear benchmarks for satisfying customers' basic personal communications needs.
    Ex. One of the workpackages of the project is the preparation of software for UKMARC to UNIMARC conversion.
    Ex. This article describes the experiences of a library training officer whose brief was to build library services from the ground up.
    Ex. The attention good literature pays to life is both loving and detached.
    Ex. Robert Kent's sole agenda is to attack Cuba and vilify the Cuban library community while supporting the US government's interventionist destabilization policies.
    Ex. The original mandate was very clear: to consider for inclusion all proposals made.
    Ex. He offers an admirably concise and unemotional analysis of the famous Milgram experiment.
    ----
    * aclarar un objetivo = clarify + objective.
    * alcanzar un objetivo = attain + goal.
    * caer fuera del objetivo de = fall outside + the scope of.
    * caso objetivo = objective case.
    * con el objetivo de = with the purpose of, with a brief to, with the aim of, with a focus on.
    * con objetivos específicos = goal-oriented.
    * conseguir un objetivo = accomplish + objective, achieve + objective, attain + goal.
    * con un objetivo claro = focused [focussed].
    * cubrir un objetivo = meet + objective, meet + purpose.
    * cumplir un objetivo = fulfil + goal, meet + objective, meet + purpose, satisfy + purpose, serve + function, serve + purpose, meet + target, fulfil + objective.
    * cuyo objetivo es = intended to.
    * declaración de objetivos = statement of objectives, purpose statement, mission statement, vision statement.
    * definición de objetivos = goal setting.
    * elaborar objetivos = draw up + objectives.
    * enfocado hacia uno objetivo concreto = focused [focussed].
    * establecimiento de objetivos = objective setting.
    * fijación de objetivos = objective setting, direction-setting, goal setting.
    * fijar un objetivo = set + goal.
    * gestión por objetivos = management by objectives (MBO).
    * marcar una objetivo = set + goal.
    * no cumplir un objetivo = fall + short of goal.
    * no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.
    * objetivo de aprendizaje = learning objective, learning outcome.
    * objetivo de comportamiento = behavioural objective.
    * objetivo de ventas = sales target.
    * objetivo educativo = learning goal, educational goal.
    * objetivos = mission statement.
    * objetivo y alcance = purpose and scope.
    * perseguir los mismos objetivos = work + on the same lines.
    * perseguir un objetivo = pursue + objective, pursue + goal.
    * plantearse un objetivo = adopt + goal.
    * ser el objetivo de Uno = be in business for.
    * sin un objetivo claro = non-purposive, unfocused [unfocussed].
    * tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective, be in business for.
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo objective
    II
    1) ( finalidad) objective, aim; (Mil) objective
    2) (Fot, Ópt) lens
    * * *
    = end, focus, goal, goal, intent, object, purpose, target, drift, unbiased [unbiassed], objective, charge, benchmark, workpackage, brief, detached, agenda, mandate, unemotional.

    Ex: In our fascination with the versatility of certain tools, we should not forget the ends to which they are to be applied.

    Ex: Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex: Karen set the theme in her keynote address that booksellers, publishers and librarians often have different goals and perceptions.
    Ex: Karen set the theme in her keynote address that booksellers, publishers and librarians often have different goals and perceptions.
    Ex: The quality of indexing is influenced by the intellectual level and intent of document content in the subject area.
    Ex: The object of classification is to group related subjects.
    Ex: Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex: Paid employees can have targets set for them and their prospects may well depend upon their meeting these targets.
    Ex: The main drift of the proceedings concerned national libraries -- their role, functions and financing.
    Ex: Such criteria would be applied to book lists and the production, selection, and writing of unbiased material.
    Ex: An objective is an individual act intended to be carried out, and a number o which are required to be carried out in order to reach a goal.
    Ex: She was offered an opportunity to chair a task force within the library with the charge to investigate a new integrated system.
    Ex: Existing wireline networks, with their ubiquity, seamless operations, and ease of use, have provided clear benchmarks for satisfying customers' basic personal communications needs.
    Ex: One of the workpackages of the project is the preparation of software for UKMARC to UNIMARC conversion.
    Ex: This article describes the experiences of a library training officer whose brief was to build library services from the ground up.
    Ex: The attention good literature pays to life is both loving and detached.
    Ex: Robert Kent's sole agenda is to attack Cuba and vilify the Cuban library community while supporting the US government's interventionist destabilization policies.
    Ex: The original mandate was very clear: to consider for inclusion all proposals made.
    Ex: He offers an admirably concise and unemotional analysis of the famous Milgram experiment.
    * aclarar un objetivo = clarify + objective.
    * alcanzar un objetivo = attain + goal.
    * caer fuera del objetivo de = fall outside + the scope of.
    * caso objetivo = objective case.
    * con el objetivo de = with the purpose of, with a brief to, with the aim of, with a focus on.
    * con objetivos específicos = goal-oriented.
    * conseguir un objetivo = accomplish + objective, achieve + objective, attain + goal.
    * con un objetivo claro = focused [focussed].
    * cubrir un objetivo = meet + objective, meet + purpose.
    * cumplir un objetivo = fulfil + goal, meet + objective, meet + purpose, satisfy + purpose, serve + function, serve + purpose, meet + target, fulfil + objective.
    * cuyo objetivo es = intended to.
    * declaración de objetivos = statement of objectives, purpose statement, mission statement, vision statement.
    * definición de objetivos = goal setting.
    * elaborar objetivos = draw up + objectives.
    * enfocado hacia uno objetivo concreto = focused [focussed].
    * establecimiento de objetivos = objective setting.
    * fijación de objetivos = objective setting, direction-setting, goal setting.
    * fijar un objetivo = set + goal.
    * gestión por objetivos = management by objectives (MBO).
    * marcar una objetivo = set + goal.
    * no cumplir un objetivo = fall + short of goal.
    * no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.
    * objetivo de aprendizaje = learning objective, learning outcome.
    * objetivo de comportamiento = behavioural objective.
    * objetivo de ventas = sales target.
    * objetivo educativo = learning goal, educational goal.
    * objetivos = mission statement.
    * objetivo y alcance = purpose and scope.
    * perseguir los mismos objetivos = work + on the same lines.
    * perseguir un objetivo = pursue + objective, pursue + goal.
    * plantearse un objetivo = adopt + goal.
    * ser el objetivo de Uno = be in business for.
    * sin un objetivo claro = non-purposive, unfocused [unfocussed].
    * tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective, be in business for.

    * * *
    objetivo1 -va
    1 ‹crítica/análisis› objective
    2 ‹persona› objective
    A
    1 (finalidad) objective, aim
    su único objetivo era terminar cuanto antes her one objective o aim was to finish as quickly as possible
    2 ( Mil) objective
    3 ( como adj inv) target ( before n)
    la empresa objetivo the target company
    Compuesto:
    sales target
    B ( Fot, Ópt) lens
    Compuesto:
    zoom lens
    * * *

     

    objetivo 1
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    objective
    objetivo 2 sustantivo masculino
    1 ( finalidad) objective, aim;
    (Mil) objective
    2 (Fot, Ópt) lens
    objetivo,-a
    I adjetivo objective
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (finalidad) objective, aim: su objetivo es disuadir a los vendedores, her aim is to put the sellers off
    2 (de un misil, disparo) target: 007 es nuestro objetivo, 007 is our target
    3 Cine Fot lens
    ' objetivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    angular
    - consecución
    - ideal
    - meta
    - objetiva
    - orientarse
    - pasearse
    - perseguir
    - pretensión
    - alcanzar
    - conseguir
    - cumplir
    - fin
    - final
    - inaccesible
    - lo
    - lograr
    - logro
    - mira
    - patente
    - plazo
    - por
    - primario
    - primero
    - primordial
    English:
    accomplish
    - accomplishment
    - achievement
    - aim
    - attain
    - barrage
    - calculate
    - detached
    - end
    - exercise
    - gain
    - goal
    - lens
    - main
    - object
    - objective
    - set
    - short
    - study
    - target
    - target audience
    - target market
    - ultimate
    - unemotional
    - wide-angle
    - dispassionate
    - out
    - unbiased
    * * *
    objetivo, -a
    ♦ adj
    objective
    ♦ nm
    1. [finalidad] objective, aim;
    hemos logrado cumplir con nuestro objetivo we have succeeded in achieving our objective o aim;
    plantearse un objetivo to set oneself an objective;
    la medida tiene como objetivo facilitar la comunicación the aim of the measure is to make communication easier, the measure is aimed at making communication easier
    Com objetivo de producción production target; Com objetivo de ventas sales target
    2. Mil target
    3. Fot lens
    * * *
    I adj objective
    II m
    1 objective
    2 MIL target
    3 FOT lens
    * * *
    objetivo, -va adj
    : objective
    1) meta: objective, goal, target
    2) : lens
    * * *
    objetivo1 adj objective
    1. (fin) objective / aim
    2. (lente) lens [pl. lenses]
    3. (blanco) target

    Spanish-English dictionary > objetivo

  • 7 tarea de aprendizaje

    (n.) = learning activity, learning task
    Ex. This article describes the application of the behaviouristic curriculum planning process in which learning activities are delivered to students through a linear planning process controlled by the detailing of behavioural objectives.
    Ex. Subjects with various learning styles performed differently in some learning tasks.
    * * *
    (n.) = learning activity, learning task

    Ex: This article describes the application of the behaviouristic curriculum planning process in which learning activities are delivered to students through a linear planning process controlled by the detailing of behavioural objectives.

    Ex: Subjects with various learning styles performed differently in some learning tasks.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tarea de aprendizaje

  • 8 aprendizaje a distancia

    (n.) = distance learning, open learning
    Ex. Distance learning at university level already exists in the UK, USA and USSR.
    Ex. After a brief description of open learning, this article examines the impact of the programme in terms of its objectives, student attitudes, tutorial support and instructional medium.
    * * *
    (n.) = distance learning, open learning

    Ex: Distance learning at university level already exists in the UK, USA and USSR.

    Ex: After a brief description of open learning, this article examines the impact of the programme in terms of its objectives, student attitudes, tutorial support and instructional medium.

    Spanish-English dictionary > aprendizaje a distancia

  • 9 comunidad

    f.
    1 community (grupo).
    comunidad de propietarios o de vecinos residents' association
    la comunidad científica/internacional the scientific/international community
    comunidad Andina Andean Community
    comunidad autónoma (politics) autonomous region, = largest administrative division in Spain, with its own Parliament and a number of devolved powers
    2 communion (cualidad de común) (de ideas, bienes).
    * * *
    1 community
    \
    en comunidad together
    comunidad autónoma autonomous region
    comunidad de propietarios owners' association
    Comunidad Económica Europea European Economic Community
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [gen] community; (=sociedad) society, association; (Rel) community; And commune ( of free Indians)

    de o en comunidad — (Jur) jointly

    comunidad autónoma — Esp autonomous region

    2) (=pago) [de piso] service charge, charge for communal services
    COMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA In Spain the comunidades autónomas are any of the 19 administrative regions consisting of one or more provinces and having political powers devolved from Madrid, as stipulated by the 1978 Constitution. They have their own democratically elected parliaments, form their own cabinets and legislate and execute policies in certain areas such as housing, infrastructure, health and education, though Madrid still retains jurisdiction for all matters affecting the country as a whole, such as defence, foreign affairs and justice. The Comunidades Autónomas are: Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Islas Baleares, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, País Vasco, La Rioja, Comunidad Valenciana, Ceuta and Melilla. The term Comunidades Históricas refers to Galicia, Catalonia and the Basque Country, which for reasons of history and language consider themselves to some extent separate from the rest of Spain. They were given a measure of independence by the Second Republic (1931-1936), only to have it revoked by Franco in 1939. With the transition to democracy, these groups were the most vociferous and successful in their demand for home rule, partly because they already had experience of federalism and had established a precedent with autonomous institutions like the Catalan Generalitat.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( sociedad) community
    b) ( grupo delimitado) community
    c) (Relig) community
    d) ( asociación) association
    2) ( coincidencia) community

    comunidad de ideales/objetivos — community of ideals/objectives

    •• Cultural note:
    In 1978 power in Spain was decentralized and the country was divided into comunidades autónomas or autonomías (autonomous regions). The new communities have far greater autonomy from central government than the old regiones and were a response to nationalist aspirations, which had built up under Franco. Some regions have more autonomy than others. The Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia, for example, had political structures, a desire for independence and their own languages which underpinned their claims to distinctive identities. Andalusia gained almost complete autonomy without having had a nationalist tradition. Other regions, such as Madrid, are to some extent artificial, having been created largely to complete the process. The comunidades autónomas are: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, the Basque Country (Euskadi), Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencia and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla
    * * *
    Ex. Language of documents and data bases will need to be tailored to each community.
    ----
    * asociación de la comunidad = community group.
    * biblioteca de la comunidad = community library.
    * bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.
    * Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas (CEC) = Commission of the European Communities (CEC).
    * comunidad académica = academic community, learning community.
    * comunidad académica de investigadores = academic research community.
    * comunidad agrícola = farming community.
    * comunidad a la que se sirve = service area.
    * comunidad autónoma = autonomous region.
    * comunidad bancaria, la = banking community, the.
    * comunidad bibliotecaria, la = library community, the, librarianship community, the.
    * Comunidad Británica de Naciones, la = Commonwealth, the.
    * comunidad científica = knowledge community.
    * comunidad científica, la = scientific community, the, scholarly community, the, research community, the, scientific research community, the.
    * comunidad conectada electrónicamente = online community.
    * comunidad de bibliotecarios y documentalistas, la = library and information community, the.
    * comunidad de educadores, la = education community, the.
    * comunidad de lectores = reader community.
    * comunidad de naciones = comity of nations, commonwealth.
    * comunidad de pescadores = fishing community.
    * comunidad de prácticas comunes = community of practice, community of practice, community of practice.
    * comunidad de proveedores = vendor community.
    * comunidad de proveedores, la = vending community, the.
    * comunidad de usuarios = constituency, user community.
    * comunidad de vecinos = housing association.
    * comunidad dispersa = scattered community.
    * Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).
    * comunidad editorial, la = publishing community, the.
    * comunidad electrónica = online community.
    * comunidad empresarial, la = business community, the.
    * Comunidad Europea (CE) = EC (European Community).
    * Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom/EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).
    * Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) = European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
    * comunidad internacional, la = international community, the.
    * comunidad laboral = working community.
    * comunidad lingüística = language community, linguistic community.
    * comunidad local = local community.
    * comunidad marginada = deprived community.
    * comunidad marginal = disadvantaged community.
    * comunidad mundial, la = world community, the.
    * comunidad pluralista = pluralistic community.
    * comunidad religiosa = religious community.
    * comunidad rural = rural community.
    * comunidad urbana = urban community.
    * de la propia comunidad = community-owned.
    * Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).
    * derecho de la comunidad = community right.
    * dirigido a la comunidad = community-based.
    * implicación de la comunidad = community involvement.
    * la comunidad en general = the community at large.
    * líder de la comunidad = community leader.
    * miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.
    * no perteneciente a la Comunidad Europea = non-EC.
    * países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.
    * países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.
    * país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.
    * patrocinado por la comunidad = community-sponsored.
    * representante de la comunidad = community activist.
    * residente en la comunidad = community-dwelling.
    * toda la comunidad = the community at large.
    * vida de la comunidad = community life.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( sociedad) community
    b) ( grupo delimitado) community
    c) (Relig) community
    d) ( asociación) association
    2) ( coincidencia) community

    comunidad de ideales/objetivos — community of ideals/objectives

    •• Cultural note:
    In 1978 power in Spain was decentralized and the country was divided into comunidades autónomas or autonomías (autonomous regions). The new communities have far greater autonomy from central government than the old regiones and were a response to nationalist aspirations, which had built up under Franco. Some regions have more autonomy than others. The Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia, for example, had political structures, a desire for independence and their own languages which underpinned their claims to distinctive identities. Andalusia gained almost complete autonomy without having had a nationalist tradition. Other regions, such as Madrid, are to some extent artificial, having been created largely to complete the process. The comunidades autónomas are: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, the Basque Country (Euskadi), Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencia and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla
    * * *

    Ex: Language of documents and data bases will need to be tailored to each community.

    * asociación de la comunidad = community group.
    * biblioteca de la comunidad = community library.
    * bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.
    * Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas (CEC) = Commission of the European Communities (CEC).
    * comunidad académica = academic community, learning community.
    * comunidad académica de investigadores = academic research community.
    * comunidad agrícola = farming community.
    * comunidad a la que se sirve = service area.
    * comunidad autónoma = autonomous region.
    * comunidad bancaria, la = banking community, the.
    * comunidad bibliotecaria, la = library community, the, librarianship community, the.
    * Comunidad Británica de Naciones, la = Commonwealth, the.
    * comunidad científica = knowledge community.
    * comunidad científica, la = scientific community, the, scholarly community, the, research community, the, scientific research community, the.
    * comunidad conectada electrónicamente = online community.
    * comunidad de bibliotecarios y documentalistas, la = library and information community, the.
    * comunidad de educadores, la = education community, the.
    * comunidad de lectores = reader community.
    * comunidad de naciones = comity of nations, commonwealth.
    * comunidad de pescadores = fishing community.
    * comunidad de prácticas comunes = community of practice, community of practice, community of practice.
    * comunidad de proveedores = vendor community.
    * comunidad de proveedores, la = vending community, the.
    * comunidad de usuarios = constituency, user community.
    * comunidad de vecinos = housing association.
    * comunidad dispersa = scattered community.
    * Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).
    * comunidad editorial, la = publishing community, the.
    * comunidad electrónica = online community.
    * comunidad empresarial, la = business community, the.
    * Comunidad Europea (CE) = EC (European Community).
    * Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom/EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).
    * Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) = European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
    * comunidad internacional, la = international community, the.
    * comunidad laboral = working community.
    * comunidad lingüística = language community, linguistic community.
    * comunidad local = local community.
    * comunidad marginada = deprived community.
    * comunidad marginal = disadvantaged community.
    * comunidad mundial, la = world community, the.
    * comunidad pluralista = pluralistic community.
    * comunidad religiosa = religious community.
    * comunidad rural = rural community.
    * comunidad urbana = urban community.
    * de la propia comunidad = community-owned.
    * Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).
    * derecho de la comunidad = community right.
    * dirigido a la comunidad = community-based.
    * implicación de la comunidad = community involvement.
    * la comunidad en general = the community at large.
    * líder de la comunidad = community leader.
    * miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.
    * no perteneciente a la Comunidad Europea = non-EC.
    * países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.
    * países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.
    * país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.
    * patrocinado por la comunidad = community-sponsored.
    * representante de la comunidad = community activist.
    * residente en la comunidad = community-dwelling.
    * toda la comunidad = the community at large.
    * vida de la comunidad = community life.

    * * *
    comunidad comunidad autónoma (↑ comunidad a1)
    A
    1 (sociedad) community
    para el bien de la comunidad for the good of the community
    2 (grupo delimitado) community
    la comunidad polaca the Polish community
    vivir en comunidad to live with other people
    3 ( Relig) community
    4 (asociación) association
    Compuestos:
    (British) Commonwealth
    ( Hist) European Economic Community
    ( Hist) European Community
    European Coal and Steel Community
    B (coincidencia) community
    no existe comunidad de ideales/objetivos entre ambos grupos there is no community of ideals/objectives between the two groups, the two groups do not share common ideals/objectives
    la sublevación de las Comunidades the Revolt of the Comuneros
    * * *

     

    comunidad sustantivo femenino
    community;

    comunidad sustantivo femenino community
    comunidad autónoma, autonomous region
    comunidad de bienes, co-ownership
    Comunidad Europea, European Community

    ' comunidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bien
    - CE
    - CECA
    - CEE
    - consejería
    - depender
    - EURATOM
    - homologación
    - primar
    - pueblo
    - reintegrar
    - autonomía
    English:
    Commonwealth of Independent States
    - community
    - fraternity
    - homeowners assocation
    - integrate
    - scattered
    - service charge
    - European
    - general
    - pillar
    - service
    * * *
    1. [grupo] community;
    la comunidad científica/educativa/judía the scientific/education/Jewish community;
    vivir en comunidad to live in a community
    Comunidad Andina Andean Community, = organization for regional cooperation formed by Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela;
    comunidad autónoma autonomous region, = largest administrative division in Spain, with its own Parliament and a number of devolved powers;
    comunidad de base [religiosa] base community, = lay Catholic community independent of church hierarchy;
    Comunidad Británica de Naciones (British) Commonwealth;
    Antes Comunidad Económica Europea European Economic Community;
    la Comunidad Europea, las Comunidades Europeas the European Community;
    la comunidad internacional the international community;
    comunidad linguística speech community;
    comunidad de propietarios residents' association;
    comunidad de vecinos residents' association
    2. [de ideas, bienes] communion
    comunidad de bienes co-ownership [between spouses]
    3. Am [colectividad] commune;
    vive en una comunidad anarquista she lives in an anarchist commune
    COMUNIDAD ANDINA
    The Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN – Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) has its origins in the 1969 “Acuerdo de Cartagena”. Over subsequent decades the various institutions which now form the CAN were set up: the Council of Foreign Ministers in 1979, the Court of Justice in 1983, the Presidential Council in 1990, and the General Secretariat in 1997. The ultimate aim has been to create a Latin American common market. A free trade area was established in 1993, and a common external customs tariff in 1994. While all members have adopted a common foreign policy, more ambitious attempts at integration have been less successful. However, with a combined population of 122 million, and a GDP in 2004 of 300 billion dollars, the community is a significant economic group. In 2004, the leaders of the countries of South America decided to create the “Comunidad Sudamericana de Naciones” (“South American Community of Nations”) or CSN by a gradual convergence between the CAN and Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay), plus Chile, Guyana and Surinam. This will create, in time, a vast free-trade area encompassing all of South America.
    * * *
    f community;
    hereditaria heirs pl
    * * *
    : community
    * * *
    comunidad n community [pl. communities]

    Spanish-English dictionary > comunidad

  • 10 tarea educativa

    Ex. This article describes the application of the behaviouristic curriculum planning process in which learning activities are delivered to students through a linear planning process controlled by the detailing of behavioural objectives.
    * * *

    Ex: This article describes the application of the behaviouristic curriculum planning process in which learning activities are delivered to students through a linear planning process controlled by the detailing of behavioural objectives.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tarea educativa

  • 11 aunque

    conj.
    1 even though, although (a pesar de que).
    tendrás que venir aunque no quieras you'll have to come, even if you don't want to
    aunque es caro, me lo voy a comprar although it's expensive I'm going to buy it, I'm going to buy it even though it's expensive
    2 although (pero).
    es lista, aunque un poco perezosa she's clever, although o if a little lazy
    * * *
    1 (valor concesivo) although, though; (con énfasis) even if, even though
    ■ es duro, aunque justo he's tough but fair
    * * *
    conj.
    although, though, even though, even if
    * * *
    CONJ although, though, even though

    es guapa aunque algo bajita — she's pretty but rather short, she's pretty even if she is on the short side

    aunque más... — however much..., no matter how much...

    AUNQUE Aunque se puede traducir al inglés por although, though, even though o even if. ► Por regla general, cuando la cláusula introducida por aunque indica un hecho ( aunque + ((indicativo))), en inglés coloquial se traduce por though y en lenguaje más formal por although: Aunque había un montón de gente, al final pude encontrar a Carlos Though there were a lot of people there, I managed to find Carlos No esperaba eso de él, aunque entiendo por qué lo hizo I did not expect that from him, although I can understand why he did it ► Even though introduce la oración subordinada, enfatizando con más fuerza el contraste con la principal, cuando aunque va seguido de un hecho concreto, no una hipótesis, y equivale a a pesar de que: Llevaba un abrigo de piel, aunque era un día muy caluroso She wore a fur coat, even though it was a very hot day ► Si aunque tiene el sentido de incluso si ( aunque + ((subjuntivo))), se traduce por even if: Debes ir, aunque no quieras You must go, even if you don't want to Me dijo que no me lo diría, aunque lo supiera He said he wouldn't tell me even if he knew Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    a) (+ indicativo) although

    aunque llegué tarde conseguí entradas — although o even though I got there late I managed to get tickets

    es simpático, aunque algo tímido — he's very likable, if somewhat shy

    b) ( respondiendo a una objeción) (+ subjuntivo)

    es millonario, aunque no lo parezca — he's a millionaire though he may not look it

    aunque no lo creas... — believe it or not...

    2) (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if

    cómetelo, aunque no te guste — eat it, even if you don't like it

    dale aunque más no sea unos pesos — (RPl) at least give him a few pesos

    * * *
    = admittedly, albeit (that), although, but, even though, while, whilst, even when, though, if, but still, but then again.
    Ex. Admittedly, this relevant part of the classified file may not be the specific class he wants.
    Ex. Present, classical catalog designs are elaborations, albeit considerable elaborations, of these sixteenth-century developments.
    Ex. These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex. Learning takes place in one environment but is put to work in another, and the learner is left to make the transition.
    Ex. Their objectives are however slightly different, even though in any discussion of computerised cataloguing systems co-operative networks and centralised cataloguing are inextricably linked.
    Ex. While the resulting A/Z entries are not 'wrong', they tend to be clumsy.
    Ex. Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.
    Ex. On-line data banks are still expanding, as they provide unrivalled services, even when these have to be paid for by users.
    Ex. This is not to say, though, that in some countries the 'all' that is available to gather into a current national bibliography is only that which the ruling government approve of.
    Ex. Don't go to France thinking that your cherished ancient library from your 50s/60s school days remains unchanged amid the splendour of its beautiful if dingy old digs.
    Ex. Less well-reported but still widely collected types of use included newly registered borrowers, visits, reference questions, in-library use, and off site program attendance = Otros datos sobre los que se dio menos información aunque todas las bibliotecas los recogen eran el número de nuevos usuarios, las visitas, las preguntas de referencia, el uso dentro de la biblioteca y la asistencia a actividades organizas fuera de la biblioteca.
    Ex. But then again, there are thousands of such ditses out there that need mental help.
    ----
    * aunque a decir verdad = Mind you.
    * aunque a menudo = if often.
    * aunque en balde = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque en vano = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy.
    * aunque me fuera la vida en ello = for the life of me.
    * aunque no lo creas = believe it or not.
    * aunque no lo parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque no sea para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque no siempre = if not always.
    * aunque no sirva para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * aunque parezca extraño = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque parezca increíble = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca mentira = amazingly enough, believe it or not, strangely enough, incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough.
    * aunque parezca razo = funnily.
    * aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.
    * aunque sin ningún resultado = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque sólo sea porque = if only because.
    * * *
    a) (+ indicativo) although

    aunque llegué tarde conseguí entradas — although o even though I got there late I managed to get tickets

    es simpático, aunque algo tímido — he's very likable, if somewhat shy

    b) ( respondiendo a una objeción) (+ subjuntivo)

    es millonario, aunque no lo parezca — he's a millionaire though he may not look it

    aunque no lo creas... — believe it or not...

    2) (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if

    cómetelo, aunque no te guste — eat it, even if you don't like it

    dale aunque más no sea unos pesos — (RPl) at least give him a few pesos

    * * *
    = admittedly, albeit (that), although, but, even though, while, whilst, even when, though, if, but still, but then again.

    Ex: Admittedly, this relevant part of the classified file may not be the specific class he wants.

    Ex: Present, classical catalog designs are elaborations, albeit considerable elaborations, of these sixteenth-century developments.
    Ex: These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex: Learning takes place in one environment but is put to work in another, and the learner is left to make the transition.
    Ex: Their objectives are however slightly different, even though in any discussion of computerised cataloguing systems co-operative networks and centralised cataloguing are inextricably linked.
    Ex: While the resulting A/Z entries are not 'wrong', they tend to be clumsy.
    Ex: Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.
    Ex: On-line data banks are still expanding, as they provide unrivalled services, even when these have to be paid for by users.
    Ex: This is not to say, though, that in some countries the 'all' that is available to gather into a current national bibliography is only that which the ruling government approve of.
    Ex: Don't go to France thinking that your cherished ancient library from your 50s/60s school days remains unchanged amid the splendour of its beautiful if dingy old digs.
    Ex: Less well-reported but still widely collected types of use included newly registered borrowers, visits, reference questions, in-library use, and off site program attendance = Otros datos sobre los que se dio menos información aunque todas las bibliotecas los recogen eran el número de nuevos usuarios, las visitas, las preguntas de referencia, el uso dentro de la biblioteca y la asistencia a actividades organizas fuera de la biblioteca.
    Ex: But then again, there are thousands of such ditses out there that need mental help.
    * aunque a decir verdad = Mind you.
    * aunque a menudo = if often.
    * aunque en balde = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque en vano = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy.
    * aunque me fuera la vida en ello = for the life of me.
    * aunque no lo creas = believe it or not.
    * aunque no lo parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque no sea para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque no siempre = if not always.
    * aunque no sirva para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * aunque parezca extraño = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque parezca increíble = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca mentira = amazingly enough, believe it or not, strangely enough, incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough.
    * aunque parezca razo = funnily.
    * aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.
    * aunque sin ningún resultado = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque sólo sea porque = if only because.

    * * *
    1 (+ indicativo) although
    aunque llegamos tarde conseguimos entradas although o even though we got there late we managed to get tickets
    por lo menos antes se oía; aunque mal, se oía at least before you could hear it, not very well, but you could hear it
    es simpático, aunque algo tímido he's very likable, if somewhat shy
    le dije que sí, aunque la verdad es que no tengo ganas de ir I said yes, although o though to be quite honest I don't feel like going
    aunque a ti no te guste, es muy bonito you may not like it, but it's very pretty
    es millonario, aunque no lo parezca he's a millionaire though he may not look it
    aunque no lo creas sacó la mejor nota believe it or not she got the best marks
    B (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if
    come lo que te sirvan, aunque no te guste eat whatever you're given, even if you don't like it
    mándales unas flores, aunque sea at least send them some flowers
    dale aunque más no sea unos pesos ( RPl); at least give him a few pesos
    * * *

     

    aunque conjunción
    1 ( a pesar de que)


    b) ( respondiendo a una objeción) (+ subjuntivo):

    ◊ es millonario, aunque no lo parezca he's a millionaire though he may not look it;

    aunque no lo creas … believe it or not …
    2 (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if;

    aunque conj although, though
    (incluso si) even if
    aunque no te lo creas, even if you don't believe it o believe it or not
    (a pesar de) even though
    aunque llegamos tarde, no perdimos el tren, even though we were late, we didn't miss the train
    Fíjate en estos dos sentidos de aunque:
    1) a pesar de
    though     - más informal
    although - más formal
    even though - más enfático
    2) incluso si, even if
    ' aunque' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - apellido
    - así
    - comida
    - cuando
    - fonéticamente
    - más
    - mentira
    - ni
    - pesar
    - política
    - rentabilidad
    - salario
    - sellar
    - siquiera
    - toda
    - todo
    - creer
    - parecer
    English:
    albeit
    - alike
    - although
    - as
    - believe
    - blusher
    - delicate
    - devoted
    - even
    - further
    - hate
    - have
    - if
    - lady
    - love
    - oddly
    - shall
    - should
    - tear away
    - though
    - while
    - odds
    - strangely
    * * *
    aunque conj
    1. [a pesar de que] even though, although;
    [incluso si] even if;
    tendrás que venir aunque no quieras you'll have to come, even if you don't want to;
    aunque quisiera no podría even if I wanted to, I wouldn't be able to;
    aunque es caro, me lo voy a comprar although it's expensive I'm going to buy it, I'm going to buy it even though it's expensive;
    aunque me cae bien, no me fío de él much as I like him, I don't trust him;
    aunque no te lo creas llegó el primero believe it or not, he came first;
    aunque parezca mentira strange as it may seem, believe it or not;
    aunque parezca raro oddly enough, odd though it may seem;
    cómprale aunque sea una caja de bombones buy her something, even if it's only a box of chocolates;
    RP
    decime la verdad aunque más no sea at least tell me the truth
    2. [pero] although;
    es lista, aunque un poco perezosa she's clever, although o if a little lazy;
    aquellos cuadros no están mal, aunque éstos me gustan más those paintings aren't bad, but I like these (ones) better
    * * *
    conj
    1 although, even though
    2 + subj even if
    * * *
    aunque conj
    1) : though, although, even if, even though
    2)
    aunque sea : at least
    * * *
    aunque conj
    1. (a pesar de que) although / even though
    aunque no quería, tuve que ir although I didn't want to, I had to go
    era simpático, aunque parecía serio even though he seemed serious, he was nice
    aunque sólo llevo 5 meses aquí, me siento muy a gusto although I've only lived here for 5 months, I feel very much at home
    2. (incluso si) even if
    sale a pasear todos los días, aunque caigan chuzos de punta he goes for a walk every day even if it's pouring with rain

    Spanish-English dictionary > aunque

  • 12 conductista

    adj.
    behavioral, conductist, behavioural, behavioristic.
    f. & m.
    behaviorist (Psi).
    * * *
    1 behavioural (US behavioral)
    1 behaviourist, (US behaviorist)
    * * *
    ADJ, SMF behaviourist, behaviorist (EEUU)
    * * *
    adjetivo/masculino y femenino behaviorist*
    * * *
    = behavioural [behavioral, -USA], behaviourist [behaviorist, -USA], behaviouristic [behavioristic, -USA], behaviouralist [behavioralist, -USA], behavioural scientist.
    Ex. We got a book of memoirs by an ex-convict who works for the Western Behavioral Institute in La Jolla, California, which is very closely associated with publication of the work.
    Ex. He said that the debate between the humanist and the behaviorist is on the wane, and that contemporary behaviorism offers Principles and procedures to help individuals increase their humanistic actions.
    Ex. This article describes the application of the behaviouristic curriculum planning process in which learning activities are delivered to students through a linear planning process controlled by the detailing of behavioural objectives.
    Ex. Behaviouralists cited literature of greater median age than traditionalists.
    Ex. Behavioral scientists have fallen into the error of assuming that employees resent job structuring and autocratic leadership.
    ----
    * terapia conductista = behavioural therapy.
    * * *
    adjetivo/masculino y femenino behaviorist*
    * * *
    = behavioural [behavioral, -USA], behaviourist [behaviorist, -USA], behaviouristic [behavioristic, -USA], behaviouralist [behavioralist, -USA], behavioural scientist.

    Ex: We got a book of memoirs by an ex-convict who works for the Western Behavioral Institute in La Jolla, California, which is very closely associated with publication of the work.

    Ex: He said that the debate between the humanist and the behaviorist is on the wane, and that contemporary behaviorism offers Principles and procedures to help individuals increase their humanistic actions.
    Ex: This article describes the application of the behaviouristic curriculum planning process in which learning activities are delivered to students through a linear planning process controlled by the detailing of behavioural objectives.
    Ex: Behaviouralists cited literature of greater median age than traditionalists.
    Ex: Behavioral scientists have fallen into the error of assuming that employees resent job structuring and autocratic leadership.
    * terapia conductista = behavioural therapy.

    * * *
    adj/mf
    behaviorist*
    * * *
    Psi behaviourist

    Spanish-English dictionary > conductista

  • 13 continuo

    adj.
    1 continuous, around-the-clock, constant, round-the-clock.
    Una función continua (no discreta) A continuous function (not discrete)...
    2 nonstop.
    3 continuous, one-piece, non broken.
    4 continuous, not discrete, indiscrete.
    Una función continua (no discreta) A continuous function (not discrete)...
    m.
    1 continuum, whole, undivided whole.
    2 continuo, bass accompaniment in a musical score.
    * * *
    1 (seguido) continuous
    2 (continuado) continual, constant
    1 (todo) continuum
    2 (de gente) flow
    \
    corriente continua direct current
    movimiento continuo perpetual motion
    ————————
    1 (todo) continuum
    2 (de gente) flow
    * * *
    (f. - continua)
    adj.
    continuous, constant
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=ininterrumpido) [línea, fila] continuous; [dolor, movimiento, crecimiento] constant, continuous; [pesadilla, molestia] constant

    la presencia continua de los militares lo hacía todo más difícil — the constant o continuous presence of the soldiers made everything more difficult

    evaluación 2), sesión 3)
    2) (=frecuente, repetido) [llamadas, amenazas, críticas, cambios] constant, continual
    3) (Fís) [movimiento] perpetual
    4) (Elec) [corriente] direct
    5) (Ling) continuous
    6)
    2.
    SM (Fís) continuum
    * * *
    I
    - nua adjetivo
    a) ( sin interrupción) < dolor> constant; <movimiento/sonido> continuous, constant; < lucha> continual
    b) ( frecuente) <llamadas/viajes> continual, constant
    c)
    II
    continuum masculino (frml) continuum
    * * *
    = continual, continued, continuing, continuous, ongoing [on-going], persistent, running, sustained, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], continuum, uninterrupted, long-term, everlasting, unrelieved, back-to-back, unceasing, incessant, ceaseless.
    Ex. The second point concerns the continual reference to Haykin's book, a sort of code of subject authority practice and its drawbacks.
    Ex. Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.
    Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex. However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.
    Ex. This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.
    Ex. Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    Ex. Tom Hernandez knew that there had been a ' running feud' between Lespran and Balzac during the last year or so.
    Ex. Research has shown that strong centralized control of employees is not the best way to achieve operational efficiency or sustained productivity.
    Ex. Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.
    Ex. At the other end of the continuum is the form of hack writing typified by the poorest quality of adventure stories (often mildly pornographic).
    Ex. For this purpose it is assumed that the usual 23-letter latin alphabet, or an uninterrupted series of numerals, is used for signing the gatherings.
    Ex. Many long-term residents feel that Junctionville should be governed the way it was before Groome appeared -- by 'good old boys' who had worked their way up, who eschewed issues, and who faithfully rewarded their cronies.
    Ex. Appraisal is the single most important function performed by an archivist because it has wide-reaching and everlasting social implications.
    Ex. Although the slave narratives were usually intended to serve in the cause of abolition, not all of them were bitter, unrelieved tirades against the institution of slavery, but rather there were frequently moments of relieving laughter.
    Ex. The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.
    Ex. But just as she pulled over the road in the pitch blackness of night she heard the unceasing sound of the night like she had never heard it.
    Ex. The great practical education of the Englishman is derived from incessant intercourse between man and man, in trade.
    Ex. Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    ----
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting.
    * flujo continuo = continuum.
    * formación continua = continuing training.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace learning.
    * máquina continua de papel = paper-making machine.
    * miedo continuo = nagging fear.
    * paginación continua = continuous pagination.
    * papel continuo de periódico = newsprint.
    * papel perforado continuo = continuous computer stationery.
    * temor continuo = nagging fear.
    * texto continuo = stream of text.
    * * *
    I
    - nua adjetivo
    a) ( sin interrupción) < dolor> constant; <movimiento/sonido> continuous, constant; < lucha> continual
    b) ( frecuente) <llamadas/viajes> continual, constant
    c)
    II
    continuum masculino (frml) continuum
    * * *
    = continual, continued, continuing, continuous, ongoing [on-going], persistent, running, sustained, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], continuum, uninterrupted, long-term, everlasting, unrelieved, back-to-back, unceasing, incessant, ceaseless.

    Ex: The second point concerns the continual reference to Haykin's book, a sort of code of subject authority practice and its drawbacks.

    Ex: Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.
    Ex: They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex: However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.
    Ex: This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.
    Ex: Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    Ex: Tom Hernandez knew that there had been a ' running feud' between Lespran and Balzac during the last year or so.
    Ex: Research has shown that strong centralized control of employees is not the best way to achieve operational efficiency or sustained productivity.
    Ex: Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.
    Ex: At the other end of the continuum is the form of hack writing typified by the poorest quality of adventure stories (often mildly pornographic).
    Ex: For this purpose it is assumed that the usual 23-letter latin alphabet, or an uninterrupted series of numerals, is used for signing the gatherings.
    Ex: Many long-term residents feel that Junctionville should be governed the way it was before Groome appeared -- by 'good old boys' who had worked their way up, who eschewed issues, and who faithfully rewarded their cronies.
    Ex: Appraisal is the single most important function performed by an archivist because it has wide-reaching and everlasting social implications.
    Ex: Although the slave narratives were usually intended to serve in the cause of abolition, not all of them were bitter, unrelieved tirades against the institution of slavery, but rather there were frequently moments of relieving laughter.
    Ex: The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.
    Ex: But just as she pulled over the road in the pitch blackness of night she heard the unceasing sound of the night like she had never heard it.
    Ex: The great practical education of the Englishman is derived from incessant intercourse between man and man, in trade.
    Ex: Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting.
    * flujo continuo = continuum.
    * formación continua = continuing training.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace learning.
    * máquina continua de papel = paper-making machine.
    * miedo continuo = nagging fear.
    * paginación continua = continuous pagination.
    * papel continuo de periódico = newsprint.
    * papel perforado continuo = continuous computer stationery.
    * temor continuo = nagging fear.
    * texto continuo = stream of text.

    * * *
    1 ‹dolor› (sin interrupción) constant; ‹movimiento/sonido› continuous, constant; ‹lucha› continual
    2 (frecuente) ‹llamadas/viajes› continual, constant
    estoy harto de sus continuas protestas I'm fed up of his continual o constant complaining
    3
    ( frml)
    continuum
    * * *

     

    Del verbo continuar: ( conjugate continuar)

    continúo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    continuó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    continuar    
    continuo
    continuar ( conjugate continuar) verbo transitivo
    to continue
    verbo intransitivo [guerra/espectáculo/vida] to continue;
    ◊ si las cosas continúan así if things go on o continue like this;


    ( on signs) continuará to be continued;

    continuo con algo to continue with sth;
    continuó diciendo que … she went on to say that …
    continuo -nua adjetivo

    ‹movimiento/sonido› continuous, constant;
    ‹ lucha› continual
    b) ( frecuente) ‹llamadas/viajes› continual, constant

    continuar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo
    1 to continue, carry on (with)
    2 (seguir en un lugar) continúa viviendo en Brasil, he's still living in Brazil
    3 (seguir sucediendo) continúa lloviendo, it is still raining
    (una película) continuará, to be continued ➣ Ver nota en continue
    continuo,-a adjetivo
    1 (incesante) continuous
    corriente continua, direct current
    Auto línea continua, solid white line
    sesión continua, continuous showing
    2 (repetido) continual, constant
    sus continuos reproches, his endless reproaches
    ' continuo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    continua
    - continuamente
    - intranquila
    - intranquilo
    - constante
    - continuar
    - horario
    English:
    ago
    - begin
    - continual
    - continuous
    - now
    - pause
    - perpetual
    - perpetual motion
    - persistent
    - rattle on
    - solid
    - teethe
    - unbroken
    - ache
    - endless
    - running
    - steady
    * * *
    continuo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [ininterrumpido] continuous;
    las continuas lluvias obligaron a suspender el partido the continuous rain forced them to call off the game
    2. [perseverante] continual;
    me irritan sus continuas preguntas her continual questioning irritates me
    3. [unido] continuous;
    papel continuo continuous stationery
    ♦ nm
    1. [sucesión] succession, series
    2. Fís continuum
    3. Ling continuum
    ♦ de continuo loc adv
    continually
    * * *
    adj
    1 ( sin parar) continuous;
    de continuo constantly
    2 ( frecuente) continual
    * * *
    continuo, - nua adj
    : continuous, steady, constant
    * * *
    1. (ininterrumpido) continuous
    2. (repetido) continual

    Spanish-English dictionary > continuo

  • 14 mezclado

    adj.
    1 mixed.
    2 motley, mixed-up.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: mezclar.
    * * *
    * * *
    = jumbled, blended, merged, intermingled.
    Ex. Found that examples of shoddy production -- missing issues, jumbled titles, poor photography -- were commonplace.
    Ex. There is an overarching need to establish a shared set of values that defines the blended organisation.
    Ex. We are convinced that this process will go a long way towards breaking down the few barriers that still exist between the merged entities that make up Learning Services.
    Ex. These are analogous, or rather synonymous, terms with intermingled aims and objectives and as such they need some elucidation.
    * * *
    = jumbled, blended, merged, intermingled.

    Ex: Found that examples of shoddy production -- missing issues, jumbled titles, poor photography -- were commonplace.

    Ex: There is an overarching need to establish a shared set of values that defines the blended organisation.
    Ex: We are convinced that this process will go a long way towards breaking down the few barriers that still exist between the merged entities that make up Learning Services.
    Ex: These are analogous, or rather synonymous, terms with intermingled aims and objectives and as such they need some elucidation.

    * * *
    mixing
    operaciones de mezclado mixing process
    consola de mezclado ( Audio) mixing desk

    Spanish-English dictionary > mezclado

  • 15 objetivo de comportamiento

    Ex. This article describes the application of the behaviouristic curriculum planning process in which learning activities are delivered to students through a linear planning process controlled by the detailing of behavioural objectives.
    * * *

    Ex: This article describes the application of the behaviouristic curriculum planning process in which learning activities are delivered to students through a linear planning process controlled by the detailing of behavioural objectives.

    Spanish-English dictionary > objetivo de comportamiento

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    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography

  • 17 планирование учебных программ

    На планирование учебных программ могут в определённой степени влиять следующие факторы: - результаты анализа учебных потребностей; - цели обучения (или результаты усвоения учебного материала); - характеристики потенциальных обучаемых (предварительные знания и опыт, соображения взрослых по поводу обучения и т.д.); - продолжительность учебной программы; - доступные ресурсы (преподаватели, оборудование, учебная аппаратура); - затраты и плата за обучение; - методы обучения; - методы оценивания обучения и т.п. — The factors that may bring to bear some influence on the design of training curricula are as follows: - the results of the training needs analysis; - the training objectives (or the learning outcomes); - the characteristics of potential participants (prior learning and experience, adult learning considerations, etc.); - duration of the training program; - training costs and fees; - available resources (trainers, equipment, training facilities); - training methods; - methods of evaluation of training, etc.

    Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > планирование учебных программ

  • 18 структура

    лат. structura
    1) (Взаиморасположение и связь составных частей чего-либо; строение.)

    Структура - это та степень, в пределах которой цели, процедуры реализации и оценивания обучающей программы могут быть адаптированы в соответствии с определенными целями, планами реализации и методами оценивания программы обучения конкретного студента. — Structure is the extent to which the objectives, implementation procedures and evaluation procedures of the teaching program can be adapted to meet the specific objectives, implementation plans and evaluation methods of a particular student's learning program.

    вводить дополнительные структуры (дополнительно структурировать) для потребительского спроса — impose more structure on consumer demand

    Таким образом, при сравнении с результатами этого раздела представленные в главе III результаты скажут нам, сколько дополнительных структур для потребительского спроса вводит основанный на предпочтениях подход сверх того, что следует только из структуры слабой аксиомы. — Thus, the results presented in Chapter III, when compared with those in this section, will tell us how much more structure is imposed on consumer demand by the preference-based approach beyond what is implied by the weak axiom structure alone.

    2) (система, инструментарий, аппарат)
    •
    - применять структуру - структура актива - полная структура актива - структура выбора - структура заработной платы - точная структура затрат - структуры информации - структура капитала предприятия - структура конкуренции - структура маркетинга - структура маркетинговых связей - структура ожидаемой полезности - тарифная структура персонала - структура распределения - функциональная структура

    Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > структура

  • 19 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 20 учебные цели и задачи

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > учебные цели и задачи

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  • Nonformal learning — Non formal learning is a distinction in learning between formal and informal learning. It is learning that occurs in a formal learning environment, but that is not formally recognised. It typically involves workshops, community courses, interest… …   Wikipedia

  • Taxonomy of Educational Objectives — The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, often called Bloom s Taxonomy, is a classification of the different objectives and skills that educators set for students (learning objectives). The taxonomy was proposed in 1956 by Benjamin Bloom, an… …   Wikipedia

  • Student-centred learning — Schools portal Education portal …   Wikipedia

  • Constructivism (learning theory) — Jean Piaget: founder of Constructivism Constructivism is a theory of knowledge (epistemology)[1] that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas. During infancy, it was an… …   Wikipedia

  • E-learning — For the term online learning as used in machine learning, see Online machine learning. E learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The information and communication systems, whether networked learning or not …   Wikipedia

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